Second-order flows for computing the ground states of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates

Second-order flows in this paper refer to some artificial evolutionary differential equations involving second-order time derivatives distinguished from gradient flows which are considered to be first-order flows. This is a popular topic due to the recent advances of inertial dynamics with damping in convex optimization. Mathematically, the ground state of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) can be modeled as a minimizer of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional with angular momentum rotat...